This topic examines different explanations of how humankind originated and spread across the world. It explores scientific explanations such as evolution, religious accounts, and indigenous cultural beliefs. Learners also examine archaeological evidence and geographical data to understand why Africa is regarded as the cradle of humankind.

The topic develops understanding of competing interpretations, evidence-based reasoning, and historical mapping skills.

This topic examines how societies in Southern Africa transformed from Late Stone Age hunter-gatherer communities to Early Iron Age farming and metal-working societies. It explores archaeological methods used to uncover evidence, technological changes over time, and settlement patterns.

Learners also compare developments in Southern Africa with a Eurasian civilisation to understand similarities and differences in global historical change.

This topic examines how Late Iron Age communities in Southern Africa developed into organised and economically stable societies before 1800. It focuses on agricultural advancement, settlement growth, and political development using the case studies of Toutswemogala and Domboshaba in Botswana.

Learners analyse how technological improvement transformed farming, social organisation and governance.

This topic examines the major indigenous communities of Southern Africa before 1800. It focuses on their geographical distribution, socio-economic organisation, political systems, and ways of life. Learners analyse similarities, differences and interactions between these societies, demonstrating that pre-colonial Southern Africa was dynamic and interconnected.

This topic examines the meaning, origins and early development of colonialism in Southern Africa before 1830. It explores why European powers expanded overseas, how colonial systems developed, and the early consequences such as slavery and land alienation.

Learners analyse economic, political and strategic motivations behind European expansion and understand how these transformed Southern African societies.

This topic examines Portuguese expansion into Angola from the late 15th century. It explores early diplomatic contact with the Kongo Kingdom, the development and collapse of the Portuguese-Kongo alliance, the growth of the Atlantic slave trade, and the long-term socio-economic and political effects of colonisation.

This topic examines the establishment and expansion of Dutch settlement at the Cape from 1652 to 1800. It explores the reasons for settlement, the gradual inland expansion, the development of slavery and forced labour systems, the origins of the Cape Coloured community, and the impact of Dutch colonisation on indigenous Khoisan communities.

The Dutch presence at the Cape laid the foundation for long-term racial and land inequality in Southern Africa.

This topic examines the British takeover of the Cape Colony in 1806 and the political, legal and social changes introduced up to 1835. It explores how these reforms affected Dutch settlers (Boers), slaves and indigenous people, and how tensions between British authorities and Boer farmers eventually contributed to the Great Trek.

This topic examines the Difaqane (Sotho term) or Mfecane (Nguni term), a period of widespread warfare, migration and political transformation in Southern Africa during the early 19th century (c. 1815–1840).

Learners explore different interpretations of its origins, the rise of powerful states such as the Zulu kingdom, the careers of major leaders, and the social and political consequences across the region.

This topic examines the movement of Boer settlers from the Cape Colony into the interior during the 1830s and 1840s (commonly known as the Great Trek). It explores why they left the Cape, the routes they followed, their encounters with African societies, and the long-term political and socio-economic consequences in the interior of Southern Africa.

The Boer movement significantly reshaped the political landscape of the region.

The Mineral Revolution refers to the discovery of diamonds (1867) and gold (1886) in Southern Africa, which transformed the region economically, socially and politically.

It led to industrialisation, urbanisation, migrant labour systems, racial segregation policies and major political restructuring culminating in the Union of South Africa in 1910.

This topic examines how formal colonial rule was imposed in Southern Africa during the late 19th century. It explains imperialism, distinguishes earlier forms of colonisation from later imperial expansion, analyses the causes of the Scramble for Africa, and evaluates both internal and external factors that led to colonisation.

It focuses on Botswana (Bechuanaland) and Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia) as case studies and explores African resistance to colonial rule.

This topic examines how colonial rule was administered in Botswana (Bechuanaland Protectorate) and Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia). It compares different systems of colonial governance, economic roles assigned to the colonies, the position of traditional rulers, and the socio-economic changes introduced under colonial rule. Learners evaluate both the positive and negative impacts on indigenous populations.

This topic examines the rise of African nationalism in Botswana and Zimbabwe. It analyses the socio-economic and political conditions that encouraged nationalist thinking, traces the formation of nationalist movements, explains why armed struggle occurred in Zimbabwe but not Botswana, and outlines the final steps to independence. The role of women in the liberation struggle is also assessed.

This topic examines social, economic and political developments in Botswana and Zimbabwe since independence. It evaluates progress made, challenges encountered, and foreign policy directions adopted at regional, continental and global levels.

It emphasises comparative historical judgement.

World War I (1914–1918) was caused by a combination of long-term tensions and immediate triggers. These included alliances, imperial competition, militarism, Balkan instability, rigid war plans and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

The war did not start because of one cause alone, but because multiple crises combined in 1914.

World War I began in 1914 after decades of tension between European powers. The war resulted from a combination of long-term causes such as alliances, imperial rivalry and militarism, as well as short-term events like the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

The war was not caused by one single event. It was the result of interconnected political, economic and military tensions.

The inter-war period refers to the years between the end of World War I (1919) and the outbreak of World War II (1939). During this period, peace settlements were created, the League of Nations was formed, and attempts were made to maintain international stability. However, weaknesses in the peace treaties and the League’s failures contributed to the outbreak of World War II.

The United Nations Organisation (UNO) was formed in 1945 after the devastation of World War II. It aimed to prevent future wars, promote international cooperation and improve social and economic development worldwide. This topic examines its origins, structure, functions, peacekeeping role, achievements and limitations.

Between 1919 and 1939, the USA experienced major political and economic changes. After World War I, it adopted isolationism, experienced rapid economic growth in the 1920s, suffered the Wall Street Crash in 1929, and implemented Roosevelt’s New Deal to combat the Great Depression.

This period shows how economic instability can affect global politics.

Between 1917 and 1953, Russia transformed from a Tsarist autocracy into a communist superpower known as the Soviet Union (USSR). This topic examines the collapse of the Tsarist regime, the rise of the Bolsheviks, Lenin’s consolidation of power, Stalin’s dictatorship and the USSR’s international ambitions.

In 1949, the Chinese Communist Party under Mao Zedong established the People’s Republic of China after defeating the Nationalists. Between 1949 and 1976, China underwent radical political, economic and social transformation through land reforms, collectivisation, the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. This period reshaped China internally and influenced global politics.

Pan-Africanism is a political and intellectual movement that promotes unity, solidarity and cooperation among African peoples and those of African descent worldwide. It played a major role in the struggle against colonialism and racial discrimination and influenced the independence movements across Africa.

The Cold War was a period of political, ideological and military tension between the United States (USA) and the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1945 to 1991. It was called a “cold” war because the two superpowers never fought each other directly, but they competed globally through proxy wars, political influence and arms races.

The Middle East became one of the most politically unstable regions in the 20th century. After World War I, the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the rise of Jewish Zionism, Arab nationalism, and the creation of Israel led to repeated conflicts. Since 1973, oil politics and regional power struggles have shaped international relations.

South Asia experienced major political transformation in the 20th century. British India was divided in 1947 into India and Pakistan, largely due to religious and political tensions between Hindus and Muslims. The region later witnessed further conflict over Kashmir and the creation of Bangladesh in 1971.

Cuba became one of the most important Cold War flashpoints after the Cuban Revolution in 1959. Under Fidel Castro, Cuba adopted communism and aligned with the Soviet Union, challenging the influence of the United States in Latin America. The Cuban experience reshaped regional politics and had global implications.